SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    52, 53, 588, 37, 522, 671, 647, 631, 586, 
    571, 560, 55, 513, 494, 54, 490, 154, 
    453, 587, 499, 426, 413, 390, 355, 340, 
    338, 294, 271, 256, 246, 209, 208, 162, 
    156, 106, 103, 95, 88, 87, 71, 83, 70, 
    69, 68, 642, 589, 659, 649, 637, 609, 
    591, 576, 564, 555, 548, 547, 546, 545, 
    544, 543, 542, 541, 550, 539, 538, 537, 
    535, 534, 533, 536, 532, 531, 527, 526, 
    528, 524, 529, 523, 530, 525, 565
  )

Query time 0.00208

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "54.99"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 518,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 166,
      "filtered": "32.05",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "38.39",
        "eval_cost": "16.60",
        "prefix_cost": "54.99",
        "data_read_per_join": "665K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (52,53,588,37,522,671,647,631,586,571,560,55,513,494,54,490,154,453,587,499,426,413,390,355,340,338,294,271,256,246,209,208,162,156,106,103,95,88,87,71,83,70,69,68,642,589,659,649,637,609,591,576,564,555,548,547,546,545,544,543,542,541,550,539,538,537,535,534,533,536,532,531,527,526,528,524,529,523,530,525,565))"
    }
  }
}