SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 435, 672, 638, 
    625, 620, 646, 574, 552, 553, 497, 479, 
    457, 427, 406, 397, 369, 354, 310, 278, 
    253, 232
  )

Query time 0.00035

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "26.31"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 44,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 44,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (227,228,229,230,231,435,672,638,625,620,646,574,552,553,497,479,457,427,406,397,369,354,310,278,253,232))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "21.91",
        "eval_cost": "4.40",
        "prefix_cost": "26.31",
        "data_read_per_join": "176K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ]
    }
  }
}