SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    130, 136, 247, 517, 137, 640, 621, 568, 
    567, 559, 315, 518, 216, 516, 514, 364, 
    145, 508, 507, 506, 489, 487, 484, 483, 
    482, 463, 462, 460, 455, 434, 433, 409, 
    403, 365, 265, 359, 357, 353, 316, 350, 
    318, 324, 317, 309, 308, 293, 290, 273, 
    272, 270, 269, 266, 252, 248, 238, 237, 
    243, 244, 224, 197, 198, 199, 200, 192, 
    155, 157, 144, 134, 131, 133, 146, 147, 
    148, 149, 250, 655
  )

Query time 0.00328

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "54.99"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "ALL",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 518,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 139,
      "filtered": "27.03",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "40.99",
        "eval_cost": "14.00",
        "prefix_cost": "54.99",
        "data_read_per_join": "561K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "attached_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (130,136,247,517,137,640,621,568,567,559,315,518,216,516,514,364,145,508,507,506,489,487,484,483,482,463,462,460,455,434,433,409,403,365,265,359,357,353,316,350,318,324,317,309,308,293,290,273,272,270,269,266,252,248,238,237,243,244,224,197,198,199,200,192,155,157,144,134,131,133,146,147,148,149,250,655))"
    }
  }
}