SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    110, 643, 116, 610, 563, 117, 498, 456, 
    118, 414, 368, 496, 274, 341, 297, 296, 
    254, 225, 222, 158, 115, 113, 114, 112, 
    111, 633
  )

Query time 0.00044

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "25.86"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 43,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 43,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (110,643,116,610,563,117,498,456,118,414,368,496,274,341,297,296,254,225,222,158,115,113,114,112,111,633))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "21.56",
        "eval_cost": "4.30",
        "prefix_cost": "25.86",
        "data_read_per_join": "172K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ]
    }
  }
}