SELECT 
  category_id, 
  parent_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  parent_id IN(
    598, 600, 601, 602, 607, 599, 603, 608, 
    604, 605, 606, 626, 670
  )

Query time 0.00034

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "15.86"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "parent"
      ],
      "key": "parent",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "parent_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 28,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 28,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_categories`.`parent_id` in (598,600,601,602,607,599,603,608,604,605,606,626,670))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "13.06",
        "eval_cost": "2.80",
        "prefix_cost": "15.86",
        "data_read_per_join": "112K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "parent_id"
      ]
    }
  }
}