SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    1044, 1764, 1765, 1767, 1763, 5986, 7827, 
    3550, 5067, 5066, 5843, 5842, 5841, 
    5840, 5839, 5838, 5835, 3188, 3189, 
    3749, 5064, 3185, 1672, 1667
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00061

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "17.26"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 25,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
        "filtered": "19.12",
        "index_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (1044,1764,1765,1767,1763,5986,7827,3550,5067,5066,5843,5842,5841,5840,5839,5838,5835,3188,3189,3749,5064,3185,1672,1667))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "16.78",
          "eval_cost": "0.48",
          "prefix_cost": "17.26",
          "data_read_per_join": "114"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`dbggbern`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`dbggbern`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}