SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    7841, 3927, 3926, 3932, 1860, 2471, 5445, 
    5446, 3538, 3539, 1528, 1527, 4660, 
    4659, 4486, 4658, 6698, 2217, 2342, 
    2218, 3104, 3117, 7215, 6973
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00085

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "19.06"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 29,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 5,
        "filtered": "19.12",
        "index_condition": "(`dbggbern`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (7841,3927,3926,3932,1860,2471,5445,5446,3538,3539,1528,1527,4660,4659,4486,4658,6698,2217,2342,2218,3104,3117,7215,6973))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "18.51",
          "eval_cost": "0.55",
          "prefix_cost": "19.06",
          "data_read_per_join": "133"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`dbggbern`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`dbggbern`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}